Due to changes in vascular permeability and losses through cavitary effusions, hypoalbuminemia is common in septic shock and can be profound. As crystalloids may contribute to peripheral edema in states of reduced colloid osmotic pressure, colloids such as etherified starch (e.g. hetastarch) (10–20 ml/kg/day in the dog, 5–10 ml/kg/day in the cat) are frequently added. While fresh frozen plasma can be used for the correction of a coagulopathy, it should not be considered a significant source of albumin except in very small patients. Recombinant bovine purified hemoglobin solution (Oxyglobin®), acts as an oxygen-delivering colloid and may improve oxygen delivery in animals with septic shock. Caution must be employed when administering Oxyglobin® to cats, as those with occult cardiomyopathy or cats that have been aggressively resuscitated with crystalloids may experience volume overload as a result of its administration. Additionally, Oxyglobin® is currently only licensed for use in dogs. The exact volume of fluids to administer can be difficult to determine in the patient with sepsis. Monitoring of CVP can be helpful if a central line has been placed (jugular or saphenous in cats). Animals with reduced CVP (<5 cmH2O) and reduced urine production may require additional fluid therapy for volume support while those with CVP >10–12 cmH2O should have the fluid rate either stopped or markedly decreased. Urine output should be closely monitored, and the total volume of fluids administered should be compared with the volume of fluid produced (via urine, drains, vomit) several times per day.